What are observable signs of an infected access site?

Observable signs of an infected access site typically include redness, swelling, pain, and discharge. Each of these signs indicates a potential inflammatory response due to an infection.

Redness at the site suggests irritation or inflammation, often a primary indicator of infection. Swelling can occur as the body sends white blood cells and other fluids to deal with the infection, leading to increased inflammation. Pain is a common symptom of infection, as the body reacts to the presence of pathogens. Lastly, discharge—especially if it is pus—clearly indicates an infection, as it represents the body’s response to bacteria or other harmful organisms.

While the other options may describe conditions associated with access sites, they do not present the full picture of a typical infection. For instance, while swelling and bruising might indicate trauma, they do not necessarily confirm an infection. Similarly, dryness and itching could relate to skin irritation or other dermatological issues, but they are not direct signs of infection. Warmth may indeed indicate inflammation, but numbness doesn’t correlate with infection and could suggest neurological or circulation problems. Overall, the choice that encapsulates the definitive signs of an infection at an access site is the one that mentions redness, swelling, pain, and discharge.